Fig. 2.
Preoperative risk stratification combines conventional imaging and PSMA-PET/CT to identify candidates for intraoperative LN assessment. Intraoperative guidance integrates fluorescence imaging using (NIR-I/II probes), along with robotic SLNB using gamma probes and/or hybrid tracers, to enable real-time LN targeting. The multimodal decision system incorporates intraoperative feedback to reconcile preoperative and intraoperative findings, thereby optimizing individualized pelvic lymph node dissection.

Integrative multimodal workflow for LN staging in IR-PCa. LN, lymph node; NIR, near-infrared; PSMA-PET/CT, prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography; SLNB, sentinel lymph node biopsy.

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