Comparison of intrapelvic pressure and effective flow rate between VA-URS and T-URS groups under different irrigation conditions. a–c Intrapelvic pressure comparison between VA-URS and T-URS groups at irrigation pressures of 50 cmH₂O (a), 100 cmH₂O (b), and 150 cmH₂O (c) with varying flow rates. d–f Effective flow rate comparison between VA-URS and T-URS groups at irrigation pressures of 50 cmH₂O (d), 100 cmH₂O (e), and 150 cmH₂O (f) with varying flow rates. **indicates p < 0.001; *indicates p < 0.05.