Experimental setup and key components of the vacuum-assisted ureteroscopic system. Left: Overview of the experimental setup showing the integrated system including laptop for data acquisition, pressure monitoring device (green box), irrigation pump, and artificial kidney model with pressure sensors. Upper right, upper right: magnified view of the ureteroscope tip demonstrating the internal structure near the simulated proximal ureteral stone. Lower right: detailed view of the vacuum-assisted system connection, showing the integration of the vacuum suction catheter with the ureteroscope.