Timing of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and redosing. Timing scheme for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis according to the AWMF S3 guideline and aligned EAU recommendations. The initial dose is administered 30–60 min before incision. Redosing is restricted to pharmacokinetic need or substantial blood loss. Prophylaxis is stopped at wound closure. Any administration beyond this point constitutes treatment rather than prophylaxis.