Fig. 5.
A “simulated operation” relieves pain and urge by supporting the uterosacral ligaments “USL.” Left image shows 3D view of PUL and USL attachments to the pelvic brim. “L” denotes USL laxity. A gently inserted speculum mechanically supports lax USLs and pelvic visceral nerve plexuses “VP.” The test, if successful, decreases afferent pain and urge impulses; the patient reports lessening or disappearance of pain in multiple sites, for example, B, R, M (right image). Co-occurring urge is also often relieved by speculum support of urothelial stretch receptors “N.” Right image shows 3D view of pelvic organs. VP comprises the sympathetic plexus “SP,” and the parasympathetic plexus “PS.” The yellow lines represent visceral nerves to and from the end organs, M (muscles), V (vagina/vulva), B (bladder), R (rectum) converging on VP, which acts as a relay station on their passage to the spinal cord and brain. G, force of gravity acting on VPs; PCM, pubococcygeus muscle; PUL, pubourethral ligament; LP, levator plate; LMA, conjoint longitudinal muscle of the anus.

A “simulated operation” relieves pain and urge by supporting the uterosacral ligaments “USL.” Left image shows 3D view of PUL and USL attachments to the pelvic brim. “L” denotes USL laxity. A gently inserted speculum mechanically supports lax USLs and pelvic visceral nerve plexuses “VP.” The test, if successful, decreases afferent pain and urge impulses; the patient reports lessening or disappearance of pain in multiple sites, for example, B, R, M (right image). Co-occurring urge is also often relieved by speculum support of urothelial stretch receptors “N.” Right image shows 3D view of pelvic organs. VP comprises the sympathetic plexus “SP,” and the parasympathetic plexus “PS.” The yellow lines represent visceral nerves to and from the end organs, M (muscles), V (vagina/vulva), B (bladder), R (rectum) converging on VP, which acts as a relay station on their passage to the spinal cord and brain. G, force of gravity acting on VPs; PCM, pubococcygeus muscle; PUL, pubourethral ligament; LP, levator plate; LMA, conjoint longitudinal muscle of the anus.

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