Distribution and signal transduction pathway of TRPV1 in LUT. TRPV1 is distributed in different regions, including C fibers innervating the bladder and urothelial cells. When the channel is activated, a large amount of calcium ions enter the cell. Protein kinase C (PKC) translocates to the cell membrane and binds to diacylglycerol (DAG), and PKC is allosterically activated. Activated PKC plays an important function in inducing intracellular signal transduction pathways. It phosphorylates the serine and threonine residues of proteins in cells and further activates PKMAP pathway and NF-κB pathway, which increases the transcription of various genes.