...Vladimír Šámal; Jan Mečl; Jaroslav Šrám Introduction: Apart from the standard intramural administration of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) to the detrusor, intense research is taking place into new means of administration in view of the complex mechanism of action of BoNT/A. Methods: An open...

...Vishwanath S. Hanchanale; Amrith Raj Rao; Francis L. Martin; Shyam S. Matanhelia Introduction: Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is probably the most potent biological toxin that can affect humans. Since its discovery by Justinus Kerner, BoNT has seen use in a wide range of cosmetic and non-cosmetic...