Background: CD138/Syndecan-1 (Sdc-1) is expressed on the tumor and stromal cells of invasive bladder carcinoma. CD138/Sdc-1 shedding from the cell surface is associated with the invasive phenotype in lung and breast cancers. Patients and Methods: Soluble CD138/Sdc-1 was measured in the sera of 86 bladder cancer patients and 57 healthy individuals by a commercial ELISA assay. Results: Soluble Sdc-1 was increased in the sera of patients with bladder cancer (138.42 ± 81.85 vs. 86.48 ± 82.58 ng/ml, p = 0.0003). Patients aged over 70 years had higher levels of CD138/Sdc-1 in their sera (159.7 ± 15.77 vs. 124.5 ± 9.99 ng/ml, p = 0.025), and soluble Sdc-1 levels were higher in the sera of patients with moderately differentiated tumors compared to poorly differentiated ones (170.47 ± 85.06 vs. 101.79 ± 68.24 ng/ml, p = 0.01). The soluble Sdc-1 level was higher in muscle-invasive (154.45 ± 83.60 vs. 89.9 ± 55.02 ng/ml) but not lymphatic-invasive (106.25 ± 52.10 vs. 123.43 ± 63.76 ng/ml) tumors (p = 0.027 and 0.45, respectively). A non-significant trend of soluble Sdc-1 increase in the sera of male patients compared to female patients was observed (145.38 ± 85.47 vs. 110.20 ± 59.04 ng/ml, p = 0.054). Conclusion: The elevated levels of soluble CD138/Sdc-1 in older bladder cancer patients and those with muscular invasion sheds some light on the mechanisms of the disease invasion.

Keywords:
Bladder cancer, CD138/Syndecan-1, Grade, Serum
1.
Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin 2013;63:11-30.
2.
Bassi P, De Marco V, De Lisa A, Mancini M, Pinto F, Bertoloni R, Longo F: Non-invasive diagnostic tests for bladder cancer: a review of the literature. Urol Int 2005;75:193-200.
3.
Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D: Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011;61:69-90.
4.
Aaboe M, Marcussen N, Jensen KM, Thykjaer T, Dyrskjøt L, Ørntoft T: Gene expression profiling of noninvasive primary urothelial tumours using microarrays. Br J Cancer 2005;93:1182-1190.
5.
Bernfield M, Götte M, Park PW, Reizes O, Fitzgerald ML, Lincecum J, Zako M: Functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Ann Rev Biochem 1999;68:729-777.
6.
Zimmermann P, David G: The syndecans, tuners of transmembrane signaling. FASEB J 1999;13:S91-S100.
7.
Steinfeld R, van den Berghe H, David G: Stimulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 occupancy and signaling by cell surface-associated syndecans and glypican. J Cell Biol 1996;133:405-416.
8.
Kishibe J, Yamada S, Okada Y, Sato J, Ito A, Miyazaki K, Sugahara K: Structural requirements of heparan sulfate for the binding to the tumor-derived adhesion factor/angiomodulin that induces cord-like structures to ECV-304 human carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2000;275:15321-15329.
9.
Eshchenko TY, Rykova V, Chernakov A, Sidorov S, Grigorieva E: Expression of different proteoglycans in human breast tumors. Biochemistry (Moscow) 2007;72:1016-1020.
10.
Su G, Blaine SA, Qiao D, Friedl A: Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase-mediated stromal syndecan-1 shedding stimulates breast carcinoma cell proliferation. Cancer Res 2008;68:9558-9565.
11.
Mennerich D, Vogel A, Klaman I, Dahl E, Lichtner R, Rosenthal A, Pohlenz H-D, Thierauch K-H, Sommer A: Shift of syndecan-1 expression from epithelial to stromal cells during progression of solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:1373-1382.
12.
Shimada K, Nakamura M, De Velasco MA, Tanaka M, Ouji Y, Miyake M, Fujimoto K, Hirao K, Konishi N: Role of syndecan-1 (CD138) in cell survival of human urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2010;101:155-160.
13.
Bi JB, Zhu Y, Chen XL, Yu M, Zhang YX, Li BX, Sun JW, Shen HL, Kong CZ: The role of fascin in migration and invasion of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Urol Int 2013;91:227-235.
14.
El-Rehim DM, El-Maqsoud NM, El-Hamid AM, El-Bab TK, Galal EM: Expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer and fascin in urinary bladder cancer: correlation with clinicopathological characteristics. Mol Clin Oncol 2013;1:297-304.
15.
Shimada K, Nakamura M, Ishida E, Konishi N: Urothelial carcinoma with plasmacytoid variants producing both human chorionic gonadotropin and carbohydrate antigen 19-9. Urology 2006;68:891.e7-891.e10.
16.
Nigwekar P, Tamboli P, Amin MB, Osunkoya AO, Ben-Dor D, Amin MB: Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma: detailed analysis of morphology with clinicopathologic correlation in 17 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2009;33:417-424.
17.
Ramani VC, Yang Y, Ren Y, Nan L, Sanderson RD: Heparanase plays a dual role in driving hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling by enhancing HGF expression and activity. J Biol Chem 2011;286:6490-6499.
18.
Inki P, Gomez M, Quintanilla M, Cano A, Jalkanen M: Expression of syndecan in transformed mouse keratinocytes. Lab Invest 1992;67:225.
19.
Mukunyadzi P, Liu K, Hanna EY, Suen JY, Fan CY: Induced expression of syndecan-1 in the stroma of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2003;16:796-801.
20.
Nikolova V, Koo CY, Ibrahim SA, Wang Z, Spillmann D, Dreier R, Kelsch R, Fischgräbe J, Smollich M, Rossi LH: Differential roles for membrane-bound and soluble syndecan-1 (CD138) in breast cancer progression. Carcinogenesis 2009;30:397-407.
21.
Joensuu H, Anttonen A, Eriksson M, Mäkitaro R, Alfthan H, Kinnula V, Leppä S: Soluble syndecan-1 and serum basic fibroblast growth factor are new prognostic factors in lung cancer. Cancer Res 2002;62:5210-5217.
22.
Yang Y, Yaccoby S, Liu W, Langford JK, Pumphrey CY, Theus A, Epstein J, Sanderson RD: Soluble syndecan-1 promotes growth of myeloma tumors in vivo. Blood 2002;100:610-617.
23.
Jilani I, Wei C, Bekele BN, Zhang ZJ, Keating M, Wierda W, Ferrajoli A, Estrov Z, Kantarjian H, O'Brien SM, Giles FJ, Albitar M: Soluble syndecan-1 (sCD138) as a prognostic factor independent of mutation status in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Int J Lab Hematol 2009;31:97-105.
24.
Demirovic A, Marusic Z, Lenicek T, Spajic B, Balicevic D, Tomas D, Kruslin B: CD138-positive plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder with focal micropapillary features. Tumori 2010;96:358-360.
25.
Marzioni D, Lorenzi T, Mazzucchelli R, Capparuccia L, Morroni M, Fiorini R, Bracalenti C, Catalano A, David G, Castellucci M, Muzzonigro G, Montironi R: Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor, its receptors and syndecans in bladder cancer. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009;22:627-638.
26.
Patriarca C, Di Pasquale M, Giunta P, Bergamaschi F: CD138-positive plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Int J Surg Pathol 2008;16:215-217.
27.
Pruessmeyer J, Martin C, Hess FM, Schwarz N, Schmidt S, Kogel T, Hoettecke N, Schmidt B, Sechi A, Uhlig S, Ludwig A: A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) mediates inflammation-induced shedding of syndecan-1 and -4 by lung epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2010;285:555-564.
28.
Manon-Jensen T, Multhaupt HA, Couchman JR: Mapping of matrix metalloproteinase cleavage sites on syndecan-1 and syndecan-4 ectodomains. FEBS J 2013;280:2320-2331.
29.
Lin YL, He ZK, Li ZG, Guan TY: Downregulation of CDH13 expression promotes invasiveness of bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Urol Int 2013;90:225-232.
© 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
2014
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.