Objective: To evaluate the clinical potential of urine prostatic exosomal protein (PSEP) as a diagnostic biomarker of chronic prostatitis (CP). Materials and methods: Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, urine PSEP levels were detected in 103 control cases as well as 283 cases of CP, with 82 cases fulfilling the definition of the USA National Institutes of Health category II (NIH-II), 108 cases of NIH-IIIa and 93 cases of NIH-IIIb. The values of age, body mass index, prostate volume, serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) urine PSEP levels, and seminal parameters were analyzed. Results: The PSEP levels were significantly higher in patients of NIH-II (2.09 [2.35] ng/mL), NIH-IIIa (1.80 [2.95] ng/mL) and NIH-IIIb (1.64 [2.48] ng/mL) compared to the value of 0.24 (0.76) ng/mL in the controls. ROC identified a cutoff value of 1.387 ng/mL, with a sensitivity of 59.0% and specificity of 94.2%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.833. PSEP levels positively correlated with serum PSA levels in the NIH-IIIb group, and with EPS WBC count in the NIH-IIIa group, and with semen WBC count in each CP subgroups but negatively correlated with sperm motility in both the NIH-IIIa group and the NIH-IIIb group. Conclusion: Urine PSEP could be a potential biomarker for CP.

Keywords:
Prostate, Prostatitis, Prostasome, Prostatic exosomal protein, Biological markers
1.
Krieger JN, Lee SW, Jeon J, Cheah PY, Liong ML, Riley DE: Epidemiology of prostatitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008;31(suppl 1):S85-S90.
2.
McNaughton Collins M, Pontari MA, O'Leary MP et al: Quality of life is impaired in men with chronic prostatitis: the Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network. J Gen Intern Med 2001;16:656-662.
3.
Nickel JC, Nyberg LM, Hennenfent M. Research guidelines for chronic prostatitis: consensus report from the first National Institutes of Health International Prostatitis Collaborative Network. Urology 1999;54:229-233.
4.
Wagenlehner FM, Van Till JW, Magri V, et al: National institutes of health chronic prostatitis symptom index (NIH-CPSI) symptom evaluation in multinational cohorts of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Eur Urol 2013;63:953-959.
5.
Aalberts M, Stout TA, Stoorvogel W: Prostasomes: extracellular vesicles from the prostate. Reproduction 2013;147:R1-R14.
6.
Bjartell A, Montironi R, Berney DM, Egevad L:Tumour markers in prostate cancer II: diagnostic and prognostic cellular biomarkers. Acta Oncol 2011;50(suppl 1):76-84.
7.
Cho SY, Choi K, Jeon JH, Kim CW, Shin DM, Lee JB, Lee SE, Kim CS, Park JS, Jeong EM et al: Differential alternative splicing of human transglutaminase 4 in benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Exp Mol Med 2010;42:310-318.
8.
Graddis TJ, McMahan CJ, Tamman J, Page KJ, Trager JB: Prostatic acid phosphatase expression in human tissues. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2011;4:295-306.
9.
Zeng Y, Zhang J, Chen YH, et al: Establishment of ELISA detection method for prostate exosomal protein and its primary evaluation. Prac J med Pham. 2015 32:885-888.
10.
Murphy AB, Macejko A, Taylor A, Nadler RB: Chronic prostatitis: management strategies. Drugs 2009;69:71-84.
11.
Rees J, Abrahams M, Doble A, Cooper A; Prostatitis Expert Reference, Group: Diagnosis and treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a consensus guideline. BJU Int 2015;90:509-525.
12.
Ronquist G, Hedstrom M: Restoration of detergent-inactivated adenosine triphosphatase activity of human prostatic fluid with concanavalin A. Biochim Biophys Acta 1977;483:483-486.
13.
Ronquist G: Prostasomes are mediators of intercellular communication: from basic research to clinical implications. J Intern Med 2012;271:400-413.
14.
Ronquist G, Brody I: The prostasome: its secretion and function in man. Biochim Biophys Acta 1985;822:203-218.
15.
Chiasserini D, Mazzoni M, Bordi F: Identification and partial characterization of two populations of prostasomes by a combination of dynamic light scattering and proteomic analysis. J Membr Biol 2015;248:991-1004.
16.
Utleg AG, Yi EC, Xie T, et al: Proteomic analysis of human prostasomes. Prostate 2003;56:150-161.
17.
Saez F, Motta C, Boucher D, et al: Prostasomes inhibit the NADPH oxidase activity of human neutrophils. Mol Hum Reprod 2000;6:883-891.
18.
Carlsson L, Pahlson C, Bergquist M, et al: Antibacterial activity of human prostasomes. Prostate 2000;44:279-286.
19.
Schagdarsurengin U, Teuchert LM, Hagenkötter C, et al: Chronic Prostatitis Affects Male Reproductive Health and Is Associated with Systemic and Local Epigenetic Inactivation of C-X-C Motif Chemokine 12 Receptor C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 4. Urol Int 2017;98:89-101.
20.
Watanabe T, Inoue M, Sasaki K, et al: Nerve growth factor level in the prostatic fluid of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is correlated with symptom severity and response to treatment. BJU Int 2011;108:248-251.
21.
Wei X, Zhang G, Yuan H, et al: Detection and quantitation of soluble B7-H3 in expressed prostatic secretions: a novel marker in patients with chronic prostatitis. J Urol 2011;185:532-537.
22.
Soric T, Selimovic M, Bakovic L, et al: Clinical and biochemical influence of prostatic stones. Urol Int. 2017;98:449-455.
© 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel
2017
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.