Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to compare the urinary microbiota of healthy women, women with a predisposition to UTIs, and patients with chronic recurrent cystitis using real-time PCR, as well as identify diagnostic markers for urinary diseases. Methods: The study enrolled 3 groups of patients: a healthy control group, patients with chronic recurrent cystitis, and patients with a risk of developing UTIs. Urine samples were analyzed by multiplex real-time PCR reagent kits Femoflor®16 and BacScreen OM. Results: Chronic recurrent cystitis is associated with an increase in total bacterial mass (TBM), genomic DNA, and relative predominance of facultative anaerobic microorganisms. The most prevalent bacterial species found in chronic cystitis was Escherichia coli in conjunction with other Enterobacteriaceae, most commonly Serratia marcescens. An increased amount of genomic DNA and both facultative and obligate anaerobic microorganisms was observed in patients with a risk of developing UTIs. A relative decrease in Lactobacillus spp. was noted in both groups, with the chronic cystitis group showing a more pronounced reduction. Conclusion: In summary, the levels of genomic DNA, TBM, and relative values of Lactobacillus spp. can be used as molecular diagnostic markers for chronic cystitis and a variety of other conditions, including micronephrolithiasis and bacterial vaginosis.
Journal Section:
Research Article
References
1.
Roberts
W
. On the occurrence of micro-organisms in fresh urine
. BMJ
. 1881
;2
(1085
):623
–5
. 2.
Zasloff
M
. Antimicrobial peptides, innate immunity, and the normally sterile urinary tract
. J Am Soc Nephrol
. 2007
;18
(11
):2810
–6
. 3.
Fouts
DE
, Pieper
R
, Szpakowski
S
, Pohl
H
, Knoblach
S
, Suh
M-J
, et al. Integrated next-generation sequencing of 16S rdna and metaproteomics differentiate the healthy urine microbiome from asymptomatic bacteriuria in neuropathic bladder associated with spinal cord injury
. J Transl Med
. 2012
;10
(1
):174
. 4.
Wolfe
AJ
, Toh
E
, Shibata
N
, Rong
R
, Kenton
K
, FitzGerald
M
, et al. Evidence of uncultivated bacteria in the adult female bladder
. J Clin Microbiol
. 2012
;50
(4
):1376
–83
. 5.
Hilt
EE
, McKinley
K
, Pearce
MM
, Rosenfeld
AB
, Zilliox
MJ
, Mueller
ER
, et al. Urine is not sterile: use of enhanced urine culture techniques to detect resident bacterial flora in the adult female bladder
. J Clin Microbiol
. 2014
;52
(3
):871
–6
. 6.
Khasriya
R
, Sathiananthamoorthy
S
, Ismail
S
, Kelsey
M
, Wilson
M
, Rohn
JL
, et al. Spectrum of bacterial colonization associated with urothelial cells from patients with chronic lower urinary tract symptoms
. J Clin Microbiol
. 2013
;51
(7
):2054
–62
. 7.
Pearce
MM
, Hilt
EE
, Rosenfeld
AB
, Zilliox
MJ
, Thomas-White
K
, Fok
C
, et al. The female urinary microbiome: a comparison of women with and without urgency urinary incontinence
. mBio
. 2014
;5
(4
):e01283
. 8.
Gupta
S
, Mortensen
MS
, Schjørring
S
, Trivedi
U
, Vestergaard
G
, Stokholm
J
, et al. Amplicon sequencing provides more accurate microbiome information in healthy children compared to culturing
. Commun Biol
. 2019
;2
(1
):291
. 9.
Jones-Freeman
B
, Chonwerawong
M
, Marcelino
VR
, Deshpande
AV
, Forster
SC
, Starkey
MR
. The microbiome and host mucosal interactions in urinary tract diseases
. Mucosal Immunol
. 2021
;14
(4
):779
–92
. 10.
Schefe
JH
, Lehmann
KE
, Buschmann
IR
, Unger
T
, Funke-Kaiser
H
. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR data analysis: current concepts and the novel “Gene expression’s CT difference” formula
. J Mol Med
. 2006
;84
(11
):901
–10
. 11.
Grebenev
AL
. Propaedeutics of internal diseases: textbook
. [Пропедевтика внутренних болезней: Учебник]. 5th ed M.:Medicine; 2001
.12.
Danilova
LA
. Testing blood, urine, and other biological fluids across different age groups [Анализы крови, мочи и других биологических жидкостей в различные возрастные периоды]
. Saint-Petersburg: SpecLit
. 2014
.13.
Wolfe
AJ
, Brubaker
L
. “sterile urine” and the presence of bacteria
. Eur Urol
. 2015
;68
(2
):173
–4
. 14.
Thomas-White
K
, Brady
M
, Wolfe
AJ
, Mueller
ER
. The bladder is not sterile: history and current discoveries on the urinary microbiome
. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep
. 2016
;11
(1
):18
–24
. 15.
Perez-Carrasco
V
, Soriano-Lerma
A
, Soriano
M
, Gutiérrez-Fernández
J
, Garcia-Salcedo
JA
. Urinary microbiome: yin and Yang of the urinary tract
. Front Cell Infect Microbiol
. 2021
;11
:11
. 16.
Modena
BD
, Milam
R
, Harrison
F
, Cheeseman
JA
, Abecassis
MM
, Friedewald
JJ
, et al. Changes in urinary microbiome populations correlate in kidney transplants with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy documented in early surveillance biopsies
. Am J Transpl
. 2017
;17
(3
):712
–23
. 17.
Price
T
, Hilt
E
, Thomas‐White
K
, Mueller
E
, Wolfe
A
, Brubaker
L
. The urobiome of continent adult women: a cross‐sectional study
. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol
. 2019
;127
(2
):193
–201
. 18.
Szczerbiec
D
, Piechocka
J
, Głowacki
R
, Torzewska
A
. Organic acids secreted by lactobacillus spp. isolated from urine and their antimicrobial activity against uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis
. Molecules
. 2022
;27
(17
):5557
. 19.
Abdelmaksoud
AA
, Koparde
VN
, Sheth
NU
, Serrano
MG
, Glascock
AL
, Fettweis
JM
, et al. Comparison of lactobacillus crispatus isolates from lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiomes with isolates from microbiomes containing bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria
. Microbiology
. 2016
;162
(3
):466
–75
. 20.
Petrova
MI
, Lievens
E
, Malik
S
, Imholz
N
, Lebeer
S
. Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health
. Front Physiol
. 2015
;6
:6
. 21.
Wolfe
AJ
, Brubaker
L
. Urobiome updates: advances in urinary microbiome research
. Nat Rev Urol
. 2019
;16
(2
):73
–4
. 22.
Thomas-White
K
, Forster
SC
, Kumar
N
, Van Kuiken
M
, Putonti
C
, Stares
MD
, et al. Culturing of female bladder bacteria reveals an interconnected urogenital microbiota
. Nat Commun
. 2018
;9
(1
):1557
. 23.
Gaudesi
D
, Quilici
G
, Musco
G
. ¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁵N backbone and side chain NMR resonance assignments of BPSL1050 from Burkholderia pseudomallei
. Biomol NMR Assign
. 2014
;8
(1
):181
–4
. 24.
Liu
H
, Hu
Q
, Yan
Q
, Hao
Z
, Liang
C
. Alterations in urinary microbiota composition in urolithiasis patients: insights from 16S rrna gene sequencing
. Front Cell Infect Microbiol
. 2023
;13
:13
. 25.
Nissen
SE
. Statin denial: an internet-driven cult with deadly consequences
. Ann Intern Med
. 2018
;168
(5
):381
–2
. 26.
Lewis
AL
, Gilbert
NM
. Roles of the vagina and the vaginal microbiota in urinary tract infection: evidence from clinical correlations and experimental models
. GMS Infect Dis
. 2020
;26
(8
)Doc02
. 27.
Josephson
S
, Thomason
J
, Sturino
K
, Zabransky
R
, Williams
J
. Gardnerella vaginalis in the urinary tract: incidence and significance in a hospital population
. Obstet Gynecol
. 1988
;71
(2
):245
–50
.28.
Xu
R
, Deebel
N
, Casals
R
, Dutta
R
, Mirzazadeh
M
. A new gold rush: a review of current and developing diagnostic tools for urinary tract infections
. Diagnostics
. 2021
;11
(3
):479
. 29.
Kranz
J
, Bartoletti
R
, Bruyère
F
, Cai
T
, Geerlings
S
, Köves
B
, et al. European association of urology guidelines on urological infections: summary of the 2024 guidelines
. Eur Urol
. 2024
;86
(1
):27
–41
. © 2025 S. Karger AG, Basel
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
2025
You do not currently have access to this content.
