Abstract
Urolithiasis is one of the most common urologic diseases in industrialized societies. More than 80% of renal stones are composed of calcium oxalate, and small changes in urinary oxalate concentrations affect the risk of stone formation. Elucidation of the source of oxalate and its mechanism of transport is crucial for understanding the etiology of urolithiasis. Sources of oxalate can be both endogenous and exogenous. With regard to oxalate transport, tests were carried out to prove the function of solute-linked carrier 4 (SLC4) and SLC26. The molecular mechanism of urolithiasis caused by SLC4 and SLC26 is still unclear. The growing number of studies on the molecular physiology of SLC4 and SLC26, together with knockout genetic mouse model experiments, suggest that SLC4 and SLC26 may be a contributing element to urolithiasis. This review summarizes recent research on the sources of oxalate and characterization of the oxalate transport ionic exchangers SLC4 and SLC26, with an emphasis on different physiological defects in knockout mouse models including kidney stone formation. Furthermore, SLC4 and SLC26 exchangers provide new insight into urolithiasis and may be a novel therapeutic target for modification of urinary oxalate excretion.
References
1.
Li
YH
, Zhang
J
, Liu
HY
. Curcumin ameliorates glyoxylate-induced calcium oxalate deposition and renal injuries in mice
. Phytomedicine, Phymed
; 2019
. p. 152861
.2.
Holmes
RP
, Goodman
HO
, Assimos
DG
. Contribution of dietary oxalate to urinary oxalate excretion
. Kidney Int
. 2001
Jan
;59
(1
):270
–6
.
[PubMed]
0085-25383.
Ortiz
YV
, Arestin
CC
, Medina
PG
, Torres
PP
. Urolithiasis: population analysis and composition
. Clin Chim Acta
. 2019
;493
:S460
–92
. 0009-89814.
Liu
Y
, Chen
YT
. Epidemiology of urolithiasis in Asia.
Asian Journal of Urology. 2018
; S2214-3882(18)30072-9 5.
Penniston
KL
, McLaren
ID
, Greenlee
RT
, Nakada
SY
. Urolithiasis in a rural Wisconsin population from 1992 to 2008: narrowing of the male-to-female ratio
. J Urol
. 2011
May
;185
(5
):1731
–6
.
[PubMed]
0022-53476.
Tsujihata
M
. Mechanism of calcium oxalate renal stone formation and renal tubular cell injury
. Int J Urol
. 2008
Feb
;15
(2
):115
–20
.
[PubMed]
0919-81727.
Ivanovski
O
, Drüeke
TB
. A new era in the treatment of calcium oxalate stones?
Kidney Int
. 2013
Jun
;83
(6
):998
–1000
.
[PubMed]
0085-25388.
9.
Holmes
RP
, Assimos
DG
. The impact of dietary oxalate on kidney stone formation
. Urol Res
. 2004
Oct
;32
(5
):311
–6
.
[PubMed]
0300-562310.
Holmes
RP
, Ambrosius
WT
, Assimos
DG
. Dietary oxalate loads and renal oxalate handling
. J Urol
. 2005
Sep
;174
(3
):943
–7
.
[PubMed]
0022-534711.
Hatch
M
, Freel
RW
. The roles and mechanisms of intestinal oxalate transport in oxalate homeostasis
. Semin Nephrol
. 2008
Mar
;28
(2
):143
–51
.
[PubMed]
0270-929512.
Worcester
EM
. Stones from bowel disease
. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am
. 2002
Dec
;31
(4
):979
–99
.
[PubMed]
0889-852913.
Lieske
JC
, Kumar
R
, Collazo-Clavell
ML
. Nephrolithiasis after bariatric surgery for obesity
. Semin Nephrol
. 2008
Mar
;28
(2
):163
–73
.
[PubMed]
0270-929514.
Kleta
R
. A key stone cop regulates oxalate homeostasis
. Nat Genet
. 2006
Apr
;38
(4
):403
–4
.
[PubMed]
1061-403615.
Jennings
ML
, Adame
MF
. Characterization of oxalate transport by the human erythrocyte band 3 protein
. J Gen Physiol
. 1996
Jan
;107
(1
):145
–59
.
[PubMed]
0022-129516.
Alper
SL
. Molecular physiology of SLC4 anion exchangers
. Exp Physiol
. 2006
Jan
;91
(1
):153
–61
.
[PubMed]
0958-067017.
Waldegger
S
, Moschen
I
, Ramirez
A
, Smith
RJ
, Ayadi
H
, Lang
F
, et al. Cloning and characterization of SLC26A6, a novel member of the solute carrier 26 gene family
. Genomics
. 2001
Feb
;72
(1
):43
–50
.
[PubMed]
0888-754318.
Lohi
H
, Kujala
M
, Kerkelä
E
, Saarialho-Kere
U
, Kestilä
M
, Kere
J
. Mapping of five new putative anion transporter genes in human and characterization of SLC26A6, a candidate gene for pancreatic anion exchanger
. Genomics
. 2000
Nov
;70
(1
):102
–12
.
[PubMed]
0888-754319.
Knauf
F
, Yang
CL
, Thomson
RB
, Mentone
SA
, Giebisch
G
, Aronson
PS
. Identification of a chloride-formate exchanger expressed on the brush border membrane of renal proximal tubule cells
. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
. 2001
Jul
;98
(16
):9425
–30
.
[PubMed]
0027-842420.
Wang
Z
, Petrovic
S
, Mann
E
, Soleimani
M
. Identification of an apical Cl(-)/HCO3(-) exchanger in the small intestine
. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol
. 2002
Mar
;282
(3
):G573
–9
.
[PubMed]
0193-185721.
Mukaibo
T
, Munemasa
T
, George
AT
, Tran
DT
, Gao
X
, Herche
JL
, et al. The apical anion exchanger Slc26a6 promotes oxalate secretion by murine submandibular gland acinar cells
. J Biol Chem
. 2018
Apr
;293
(17
):6259
–68
.
[PubMed]
0021-925822.
Jiang
Z
, Asplin
JR
, Evan
AP
, Rajendran
VM
, Velazquez
H
, Nottoli
TP
, et al. Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in mice lacking anion transporter Slc26a6
. Nat Genet
. 2006
Apr
;38
(4
):474
–8
.
[PubMed]
1061-403623.
Alper
SL
, Sharma
AK
. The SLC26 gene family of anion transporters and channels
. Mol Aspects Med
. 2013
Apr-Jun
;34
(2-3
):494
–515
.
[PubMed]
0098-299724.
Assimos
DG
, Holmes
RP
. Role of diet in the therapy of urolithiasis
. Urol Clin North Am
. 2000
May
;27
(2
):255
–68
.
[PubMed]
0094-014325.
Fargue
S
, Knight
J
, Holmes
RP
, Rumsby
G
, Danpure
CJ
. Effects of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase variants and pyridoxine sensitivity on oxalate metabolism in a cell-based cytotoxicity assay
. Biochim Biophys Acta
. 2016
Jun
;1862
(6
):1055
–62
.
[PubMed]
0006-300226.
Chai
W
, Liebman
M
, Kynast-Gales
S
, Massey
L
. Oxalate absorption and endogenous oxalate synthesis from ascorbate in calcium oxalate stone formers and non-stone formers
. Am J Kidney Dis
. 2004
Dec
;44
(6
):1060
–9
.
[PubMed]
0272-638627.
Massey
LK
, Liebman
M
, Kynast-Gales
SA
. Ascorbate increases human oxaluria and kidney stone risk
. J Nutr
. 2005
Jul
;135
(7
):1673
–7
.
[PubMed]
0022-316628.
Taylor
EN
, Stampfer
MJ
, Curhan
GC
. Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in men: new insights after 14 years of follow-up
. J Am Soc Nephrol
. 2004
Dec
;15
(12
):3225
–32
.
[PubMed]
1046-667329.
Auer
BL
, Auer
D
, Rodgers
AL
. The effect of ascorbic acid ingestion on the biochemical and physicochemical risk factors associated with calcium oxalate kidney stone formation
. Clin Chem Lab Med
. 1998
Mar
;36
(3
):143
–7
.
[PubMed]
1434-662130.
Hatch
M
, Mulgrew
S
, Bourke
E
, Keogh
B
, Costello
J
. Effect of megadoses of ascorbic acid on serum and urinary oxalate
. Eur Urol
. 1980
;6
(3
):166
–9
.
[PubMed]
0302-283831.
Auer
BL
, Auer
D
, Rodgers
AL
. Relative hyperoxaluria, crystalluria and haematuria after megadose ingestion of vitamin C
. Eur J Clin Invest
. 1998
Sep
;28
(9
):695
–700
.
[PubMed]
0014-297232.
Baker
PR
, Cramer
SD
, Kennedy
M
, Assimos
DG
, Holmes
RP
. Glycolate and glyoxylate metabolism in HepG2 cells
. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
. 2004
Nov
;287
(5
):C1359
–65
.
[PubMed]
0363-614333.
Behnam
JT
, Williams
EL
, Brink
S
, Rumsby
G
, Danpure
CJ
. Reconstruction of human hepatocyte glyoxylate metabolic pathways in stably transformed Chinese-hamster ovary cells
. Biochem J
. 2006
Mar
;394
(Pt 2
):409
–16
.
[PubMed]
0264-602134.
Marengo
SR
, Romani
AM
. Oxalate in renal stone disease: the terminal metabolite that just won’t go away
. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol
. 2008
Jul
;4
(7
):368
–77
.
[PubMed]
1745-832335.
Knight
J
, Jiang
J
, Assimos
DG
, Holmes
RP
. Hydroxyproline ingestion and urinary oxalate and glycolate excretion
. Kidney Int
. 2006
Dec
;70
(11
):1929
–34
.
[PubMed]
0085-253836.
Robijn
S
, Hoppe
B
, Vervaet
BA
, D’Haese
PC
, Verhulst
A
. Hyperoxaluria: a gut-kidney axis?
Kidney Int
. 2011
Dec
;80
(11
):1146
–58
.
[PubMed]
0085-253837.
Hoppe
B
, Beck
BB
, Milliner
DS
. The primary hyperoxalurias
. Kidney Int
. 2009
Jun
;75
(12
):1264
–71
.
[PubMed]
0085-253838.
Danpure
CJ
. Molecular etiology of primary hyperoxaluria type 1: new directions for treatment
. Am J Nephrol
. 2005
May-Jun
;25
(3
):303
–10
.
[PubMed]
0250-809539.
Wood
DK
, Holmes
RP
, Erbe
D
. Reduction in urinary oxalate excretion in mouse models of primary hyperoxaluria by RNA interference inhibition of liver lactate dehydrogenase activity.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta- Molecular Basis of Disease,2019
; S0925-4439(19)30145-0 40.
Bobrowski
AE
, Langman
CB
. The primary hyperoxalurias
. Semin Nephrol
. 2008
Mar
;28
(2
):152
–62
.
[PubMed]
0270-929541.
Leumann
E
, Hoppe
B
. The primary hyperoxalurias
. J Am Soc Nephrol
. 2001
Sep
;12
(9
):1986
–93
.
[PubMed]
1046-667342.
De Broe
ME
, Porter
GA
. Chapter 32: Oxalate. In: De Broe
ME
, Porter
GA
, editors. Clinical Nephrotoxins: Renal Injury from Drugs and Chemicals
. 3rd ed. New York, NY, USA
: Springer
; 2008
. pp. 749
–56
. 43.
Phang
JM
, Hu
CA
, Valle
D
. Disorders in proline and hydroxyproline metabolism, in: C. Scriver, A. Beaudet W. Valle D, Childs B (Eds.). The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease, 8th ed, McGraw-Hill, New York.2001
;1821–1838.44.
45.
Siener
R
, Bade
DJ
, Hesse
A
, Hoppe
B
. Dietary hyperoxaluria is not reduced by treatment with Lactic acid bacteria, J. Transl. Med. 2013
;11:306e313.46.
Siener
R
, Schade
N
, Nicolay
C
. The efficacy of dietary intervention on urinary risk factors for stone formation in recurrent calcium oxalate stone patients, J. Urology.2005
;173:1601e1605.47.
Siener
R
, H€onow R, Voss S, Seidler A, Hesse A. Oxalate content of cereals and cereal products, J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006
;54:3008e3011.48.
Taylor
EN
, Curhan
GC
. Oxalate intake and the risk for nephrolithiasis, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.2007
; 18,:2198e2204.49.
Duncan
SH
, Richardson
AJ
, Kaul
P
, Holmes
RP.
, Allisonand
MJ
, Stewart
CS.O.
Formigenes and its potential role in human health, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.2002
;68:3841e3847.50.
Borghi
L
, Schianchi
T
, Meschi
T
, Guerra
A
, Allegri
F
, Maggiore
U
, et al. Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria
. N Engl J Med
. 2002
Jan
;346
(2
):77
–84
.
[PubMed]
0028-479351.
Domrongkitchaiporn
S
, Sopassathit
W
, Stitchantrakul
W
, Prapaipanich
S
, Ingsathit
A
, Rajatanavin
R
. Schedule of taking calcium supplement and the risk of nephrolithiasis
. Kidney Int
. 2004
May
;65
(5
):1835
–41
.
[PubMed]
0085-253852.
de O G Mendonça
C
, Martini
LA
, Baxmann
AC
, Nishiura
JL
, Cuppari
L
, Sigulem
DM
, et al. Effects of an oxalate load on urinary oxalate excretion in calcium stone formers
. J Ren Nutr
. 2003
Jan
;13
(1
):39
–46
.
[PubMed]
1051-227653.
Liebman
M
, Costa
G
. Effects of calcium and magnesium on urinary oxalate excretion after oxalate loads
. J Urol
. 2000
May
;163
(5
):1565
–9
.
[PubMed]
0022-534754.
Hornberger
B
, Bollner
MR
. Kidney Stones
. Physician Assist Clin
. 2018
;3
(1
):37
–54
. 55.
Canales
BK
, Anderson
L
, Higgins
L
, Slaton
J
, Roberts
KP
, Liu
N
, et al. Second prize: comprehensive proteomic analysis of human calcium oxalate monohydrate kidney stone matrix
. J Endourol
. 2008
Jun
;22
(6
):1161
–7
.
[PubMed]
0892-779056.
Mendonca
FS
, Pedreira
RS
. Hydroxyproline and starch consumption and urinary supersaturation with calcium oxalate in cats.
Animal Feed Science and Technology.2018
; S0377-8401(18)30150-0 57.
Nazzal
L
, Puri
S
, Goldfarb
DS
. Enteric hyperoxaluria: an important cause of end-stage kidney disease, Nephrol. Dial.Transpl. 2016
; 31:375e382,58.
Dobbins
JW
, Binder
HJ
. Effect of bile salts and fatty acids on the colonic absorption of oxalate
. Gastroenterology
. 1976
Jun
;70
(6
):1096
–100
.
[PubMed]
0016-508559.
Sinha
MK.
, Collazo-Clavell
ML
, Rule
A
, Milliner
DS.
Hyperoxaluric nephrolithiasis is a complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, Kidney Int. 2007
;72:100e107,60.
Asplin
JR.
, Coe
FL.
Hyperoxaluria in kidney stone formers treated with modern bariatric surgery. J. Urol. 2007
; 177:565e56961.
Durrani
O
, Morrisroe
S
, Jackman
S
, Averch
T
. Analysis of stone disease in morbidly obese patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery. J Endourol.2006
;20:749e752,62.
Requarth
JA
, Burchard
KW
, Colacchio
TA
, Stukel
TA
, Mott
LA
, Greenberg
ER
, et al. Long-term morbidity following jejunoileal bypass. The continuing potential need for surgical reversal
. Arch Surg
. 1995
Mar
;130
(3
):318
–25
.
[PubMed]
0004-001063.
Kaye
MC
, Streem
SB
, Hall
PM
. Enteric hyperoxaluria associated with external biliary drainage
. J Urol
. 1994
Feb
;151
(2
):396
–7
.
[PubMed]
0022-534764.
Duffey
BG
, Alanee
S
. Hyperoxaluria Is a Long-Term Consequence of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A 2-Year Prospective Longitudinal Study. Elsevier Inc;2010
;211,165.
Mole
DR
, Tomson
CR
, Mortensen
N
, Winearls
CG
. Renal complications of jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity
. QJM
. 2001
Feb
;94
(2
):69
–77
.
[PubMed]
1460-272566.
Hokama
S
, Honma
Y
, Toma
C
, Ogawa
Y
. Oxalate-degrading Enterococcus faecalis
. Microbiol Immunol
. 2000
;44
(4
):235
–40
.
[PubMed]
0385-560067.
Campieri
C
, Campieri
M
, Bertuzzi
V
, Swennen
E
, Matteuzzi
D
, Stefoni
S
, et al. Reduction of oxaluria after an oral course of lactic acid bacteria at high concentration
. Kidney Int
. 2001
Sep
;60
(3
):1097
–105
.
[PubMed]
0085-253868.
Turkmen
K
, Erdur
FM
. The relationship between colonization of Oxalobacter formigenes serum oxalic acid and endothelial dysfunction in hemodialysis patients: from impaired colon to impaired endothelium
. Med Hypotheses
. 2015
Mar
;84
(3
):273
–5
.
[PubMed]
0306-987769.
Kwak
C
, Kim
HK
, Kim
EC
, Choi
MS
, Kim
HH
. Urinary oxalate levels and the enteric bacterium Oxalobacter formigenes in patients with calcium oxalate urolithiasis
. Eur Urol
. 2003
Oct
;44
(4
):475
–81
.
[PubMed]
0302-283870.
Kumar
R
, Mukherjee
M
, Bhandari
M
, Kumar
A
, Sidhu
H
, Mittal
RD
. Role of Oxalobacter formigenes in calcium oxalate stone disease: a study from North India
. Eur Urol
. 2002
Mar
;41
(3
):318
–22
.
[PubMed]
0302-283871.
Troxel
SA
, Sidhu
H
, Kaul
P
, Low
RK
. Intestinal Oxalobacter formigenes colonization in calcium oxalate stone formers and its relation to urinary oxalate
. J Endourol
. 2003
Apr
;17
(3
):173
–6
.
[PubMed]
0892-779072.
Mikami
K
, Akakura
K
, Takei
K
, Ueda
T
, Mizoguchi
K
, Noda
M
, et al. Association of absence of intestinal oxalate degrading bacteria with urinary calcium oxalate stone formation
. Int J Urol
. 2003
Jun
;10
(6
):293
–6
.
[PubMed]
0919-817273.
Alper
SL
. Genetic diseases of acid-base transporters
. Annu Rev Physiol
. 2002
;64
(1
):899
–923
.
[PubMed]
0066-427874.
Yenchitsomanus
PT
, Kittanakom
S
, Rungroj
N
, Cordat
E
, Reithmeier
RA
. Molecular mechanisms of autosomal dominant and recessive distal renal tubular acidosis caused by SLC4A1 (AE1) mutations
. J Mol Genet Med
. 2005
Nov
;1
(2
):49
–62
.
[PubMed]
1747-086275.
Basu
A
, Chakrabarti
A
. Hemoglobin interacting proteins and implications of spectrin hemoglobin interaction
. J Proteomics
. 2015
Oct
;128
:469
–75
.
[PubMed]
1874-391976.
Chu
H
, Low
PS
. Mapping of glycolytic enzyme-binding sites on human erythrocyte band 3
. Biochem J
. 2006
Nov
;400
(1
):143
–51
.
[PubMed]
0264-602177.
Chang
SH
, Low
PS
. Identification of a critical ankyrin-binding loop on the cytoplasmic domain of erythrocyte membrane band 3 by crystal structure analysis and site-directed mutagenesis
. J Biol Chem
. 2003
Feb
;278
(9
):6879
–84
.
[PubMed]
0021-925878.
Lombardo
CR
, Willardson
BM
, Low
PS
. Localization of the protein 4.1-binding site on the cytoplasmic domain of erythrocyte membrane band 3
. J Biol Chem
. 1992
May
;267
(14
):9540
–6
.
[PubMed]
0021-925879.
Low
PS
. Structure and function of the cytoplasmic domain of band 3: center of erythrocyte membrane-peripheral protein interactions
. Biochim Biophys Acta
. 1986
Sep
;864
(2
):145
–67
.
[PubMed]
0006-300280.
Groves
JD
, Tanner
MJ
. Topology studies with biosynthetic fragments identify interacting transmembrane regions of the human red-cell anion exchanger (band 3; AE1)
. Biochem J
. 1999
Dec
;344
(Pt 3
):687
–97
.
[PubMed]
0264-602181.
Vince
JW
, Reithmeier
RA
. Carbonic anhydrase II binds to the carboxyl terminus of human band 3, the erythrocyte C1-/HCO3- exchanger
. J Biol Chem
. 1998
Oct
;273
(43
):28430
–7
.
[PubMed]
0021-925882.
Alper
SL
. Molecular physiology and genetics of Na+-independent SLC4 anion exchangers. the Journal of Experimental Biology 2009
;212: 1672-168383.
Cousin
JL
, Motais
R
. Inhibition of anion permeability by amphiphilic compounds in human red cell: evidence for an interaction of niflumic acid with the band 3 protein
. J Membr Biol
. 1979
Apr
;46
(2
):125
–53
.
[PubMed]
0022-263184.
Oehlschläger
S
, Fuessel
S
, Meye
A
, Herrmann
J
, Lotzkat
U
, Froehner
M
, et al. Importance of erythrocyte band III anion transporter (SLC4A1) on oxalate clearance of calcium oxalate monohydrate stone-formering patients vs. normal controls
. Urology
. 2011
Jan
;77
(1
):250.e1
–5
.
[PubMed]
0090-429585.
Alper
SL
. Molecular physiology of SLC4 anion exchangers.
Exp Physiol 2006
; 91.1 153–161 86.
Ribeiro
ML
, Alloisio
N
, Almeida
H
, Gomes
C
, Texier
P
, Lemos
C
, et al. Severe hereditary spherocytosis and distal renal tubular acidosis associated with the total absence of band 3
. Blood
. 2000
Aug
;96
(4
):1602
–4
.
[PubMed]
0006-497187.
Trompeter
S
, King
MJ
. Hereditary spherocytosis
. Paediatr Child Health
. 2019
;•••
:368
–79
.1205-708888.
Jarolim
P
, Palek
J
, Amato
D
, Hassan
K
, Sapak
P
, Nurse
GT
, et al. Deletion in erythrocyte band 3 gene in malaria-resistant Southeast Asian ovalocytosis
. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
. 1991
Dec
;88
(24
):11022
–6
.
[PubMed]
0027-842489.
Cheung
JC
, Li
J
, Reithmeier
RA
. Topology of transmembrane segments 1-4 in the human chloride/bicarbonate anion exchanger 1 (AE1) by scanning N-glycosylation mutagenesis
. Biochem J
. 2005
Aug
;390
(Pt 1
):137
–44
.
[PubMed]
0264-602190.
Picard
V
, Proust
A
, Eveillard
M
, Flatt
JF
, Couec
ML
, Caillaux
G
, et al. Homozygous Southeast Asian ovalocytosis is a severe dyserythropoietic anemia associated with distal renal tubular acidosis
. Blood
. 2014
Mar
;123
(12
):1963
–5
.
[PubMed]
0006-497191.
Bruce
LJ
, Wrong
O
, Toye
AM
, Young
MT
, Ogle
G
, Ismail
Z
, et al. Band 3 mutations, renal tubular acidosis and South-East Asian ovalocytosis in Malaysia and Papua New Guinea: loss of up to 95% band 3 transport in red cells
. Biochem J
. 2000
Aug
;350
(Pt 1
):41
–51
.
[PubMed]
0264-602192.
Cordat
E
, Reithmeier
RA
. Expression and interaction of two compound heterozygous distal renal tubular acidosis mutants of kidney anion exchanger 1 in epithelial cells
. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol
. 2006
Dec
;291
(6
):F1354
–61
.
[PubMed]
1931-857X93.
Quilty
JA
, Li
J
, Reithmeier
RA
. Impaired trafficking of distal renal tubular acidosis mutants of the human kidney anion exchanger kAE1
. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol
. 2002
May
;282
(5
):F810
–20
.
[PubMed]
1931-857X94.
Kittanakom
S
, Cordat
E
, Reithmeier
RA
. Dominant-negative effect of Southeast Asian ovalocytosis anion exchanger 1 in compound heterozygous distal renal tubular acidosis
. Biochem J
. 2008
Mar
;410
(2
):271
–81
.
[PubMed]
0264-602195.
Ungsupravate
D
, Sawasdee
N
, Khositseth
S
, Udomchaiprasertkul
W
, Khoprasert
S
, Li
J
, et al. Impaired trafficking and intracellular retention of mutant kidney anion exchanger 1 proteins (G701D and A858D) associated with distal renal tubular acidosis
. Mol Membr Biol
. 2010
Apr
;27
(2-3
):92
–103
.
[PubMed]
0968-768896.
Nettuwakul
C
, Sawasdee
N
, Yenchitsomanus
PT
. Rapid detection of solute carrier family 4, member 1 (SLC4A1) mutations and polymorphisms by high-resolution melting analysis
. Clin Biochem
. 2010
Mar
;43
(4-5
):497
–504
.
[PubMed]
0009-912097.
Soleimani
M.
SLC26 Cl-/HCO3 - exchangers in the kidney: roles in health and disease. Kidney International advance online publication. 2013
; 2013(4).13898.
Bissig
M
, Hagenbuch
B
, Stieger
B
, Koller
T
, Meier
PJ
. Functional expression cloning of the canalicular sulfate transport system of rat hepatocytes
. J Biol Chem
. 1994
Jan
;269
(4
):3017
–21
.
[PubMed]
0021-925899.
Karniski
LP
, Lötscher
M
, Fucentese
M
, Hilfiker
H
, Biber
J
, Murer
H
. Immunolocalization of sat-1 sulfate/oxalate/bicarbonate anion exchanger in the rat kidney
. Am J Physiol
. 1998
Jul
;275
(1
):F79
–87
.
[PubMed]
0002-9513100.
Quondamatteo
F
, Krick
W
, Hagos
Y
, Krüger
MH
, Neubauer-Saile
K
, Herken
R
, et al. Localization of the sulfate/anion exchanger in the rat liver
. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol
. 2006
May
;290
(5
):G1075
–81
.
[PubMed]
0193-1857101.
Regeer
RR
, Lee
A
, Markovich
D
. Characterization of the human sulfate anion transporter (hsat-1) protein and gene (SAT1; SLC26A1)
. DNA Cell Biol
. 2003
Feb
;22
(2
):107
–17
.
[PubMed]
1044-5498102.
Brzica
H
, Breljak
D
, Krick
W
, Lovrić
M
, Burckhardt
G
, Burckhardt
BC
, et al. The liver and kidney expression of sulfate anion transporter sat-1 in rats exhibits male-dominant gender differences
. Pflugers Arch
. 2009
Apr
;457
(6
):1381
–92
.
[PubMed]
0031-6768103.
Breljak
D
, Brzica
H
, Vrhovac
I
, Micek
V
, Karaica
D
, Ljubojević
M
, et al. In female rats, ethylene glycol treatment elevates protein expression of hepatic and renal oxalate transporter sat-1 (Slc26a1) without inducing hyperoxaluria
. Croat Med J
. 2015
Oct
;56
(5
):447
–59
.
[PubMed]
0353-9504104.
Costa-Bauzá
A
, Ramis
M
, Montesinos
V
, Grases
F
, Conte
A
, Pizá
P
, et al. Type of renal calculi: variation with age and sex
. World J Urol
. 2007
Aug
;25
(4
):415
–21
.
[PubMed]
0724-4983105.
Markovich
D.
Slc13a1 and Slc26a1 KO models reveal physiological roles of anion transporters. union physiol. Sci./Am. Physiol. Soc. 2012
;1548-9213/12106.
Dawson
PA
, Russell
CS
, Lee
S
, McLeay
SC
, van Dongen
JM
, Cowley
DM
, et al. Urolithiasis and hepatotoxicity are linked to the anion transporter Sat1 in mice
. J Clin Invest
. 2010
Mar
;120
(3
):706
–12
.
[PubMed]
0021-9738107.
Gee
HY
, Jun
I
, Braun
DA
, Lawson
JA
, Halbritter
J
, Shril
S
, et al. Mutations in SLC26A1 cause nephrolithiasis
. Am J Hum Genet
. 2016
Jun
;98
(6
):1228
–34
.
[PubMed]
0002-9297108.
Hästbacka
J
, de la Chapelle
A
, Mahtani
MM
, Clines
G
, Reeve-Daly
MP
, Daly
M
, et al. The diastrophic dysplasia gene encodes a novel sulfate transporter: positional cloning by fine-structure linkage disequilibrium mapping
. Cell
. 1994
Sep
;78
(6
):1073
–87
.
[PubMed]
0092-8674109.
Dorwart
MR
, Shcheynikov
N
, Yang
D
, Muallem
S
. The solute carrier 26 family of proteins in epithelial ion transport
. Physiology (Bethesda)
. 2008
Apr
;23
(2
):104
–14
.
[PubMed]
1548-9213110.
Hästbacka
J
, Superti-Furga
A
, Wilcox
WR
, Rimoin
DL
, Cohn
DH
, Lander
ES
. Sulfate transport in chondrodysplasia
. Ann N Y Acad Sci
. 1996
Jun
;785
(785
):131
–6
.
[PubMed]
0077-8923111.
Markovich
D
, Aronson
PS
. Specificity and regulation of renal sulfate transporters
. Annu Rev Physiol
. 2007
;69
(1
):361
–75
.
[PubMed]
0066-4278112.
Dwyer
E
, Hyland
J
, Modaff
P
, Pauli
RM
. Genotype-phenotype correlation in DTDST dysplasias: atelosteogenesis type II and diastrophic dysplasia variant in one family
. Am J Med Genet A
. 2010
Dec
;152A
(12
):3043
–50
.
[PubMed]
1552-4825113.
Park
M
, Ohana
E
, Choi
SY
, Lee
MS
, Park
JH
, Muallem
S
. Multiple roles of the SO4(2-)/Cl-/OH- exchanger protein Slc26a2 in chondrocyte functions
. J Biol Chem
. 2014
Jan
;289
(4
):1993
–2001
.
[PubMed]
0021-9258114.
Ohana
E
, Shcheynikov
N
, Park
M
, Muallem
S
. Solute carrier family 26 member a2 (Slc26a2) protein functions as an electroneutral SOFormula/OH-/Cl- exchanger regulated by extracellular Cl-
. J Biol Chem
. 2012
Feb
;287
(7
):5122
–32
.
[PubMed]
0021-9258115.
Schweinfest
CW
, Henderson
KW
, Suster
S
, Kondoh
N
, Papas
TS
. Identification of a colon mucosa gene that is down-regulated in colon adenomas and adenocarcinomas
. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
. 1993
May
;90
(9
):4166
–70
.
[PubMed]
0027-8424116.
Freel
RW
, Whittamore
JM
, Hatch
M
. Transcellular oxalate and Cl- absorption in mouse intestine is mediated by the DRA anion exchanger Slc26a3, and DRA deletion decreases urinary oxalate
. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol
. 2013
Oct
;305
(7
):G520
–7
.
[PubMed]
0193-1857117.
Stenson
PD
, Mort
M
, Ball
EV
, Shaw
K
, Phillips
A
, Cooper
DN
. The Human Gene Mutation Database: building a comprehensive mutation repository for clinical and molecular genetics, diagnostic testing and personalized genomic medicine
. Hum Genet
. 2014
Jan
;133
(1
):1
–9
.
[PubMed]
0340-6717118.
Schweinfest
CW
, Spyropoulos
DD
, Henderson
KW
, Kim
JH
, Chapman
JM
, Barone
S
, et al. slc26a3 (dra)-deficient mice display chloride-losing diarrhea, enhanced colonic proliferation, and distinct up-regulation of ion transporters in the colon
. J Biol Chem
. 2006
Dec
;281
(49
):37962
–71
.
[PubMed]
0021-9258119.
Lohi
H
, Lamprecht
G
, Markovich
D
, Heil
A
, Kujala
M
, Seidler
U
, et al. Isoforms of SLC26A6 mediate anion transport and have functional PDZ interaction domains
. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
. 2003
Mar
;284
(3
):C769
–79
.
[PubMed]
0363-6143120.
Ohana
E
, Shcheynikov
N
, Yang
D
, So
I
, Muallem
S
. Determinants of coupled transport and uncoupled current by the electrogenic SLC26 transporters
. J Gen Physiol
. 2011
Feb
;137
(2
):239
–51
.
[PubMed]
0022-1295121.
Chernova
MN
, Jiang
L
, Friedman
DJ
, Darman
RB
, Lohi
H
, Kere
J
, et al. Functional comparison of mouse slc26a6 anion exchanger with human SLC26A6 polypeptide variants: differences in anion selectivity, regulation, and electrogenicity
. J Biol Chem
. 2005
Mar
;280
(9
):8564
–80
.
[PubMed]
0021-9258122.
Lohi
H
, Kujala
M
, Makela
S
, Lehtonen
E
, Kestila
M
, Saarialho-Kere
U
, et al. Functional characterization of three novel tissue-specific anion exchangers SLC26A7, -A8, and -A9
. J Biol Chem
. 2002
Apr
;277
(16
):14246
–54
.
[PubMed]
0021-9258123.
Petrovic
S
, Barone
S
, Xu
J
, Conforti
L
, Ma
L
, Kujala
M
, et al. SLC26A7: a basolateral Cl/ HCO3 cells of the outer medullary collecting duct
. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol
. 2004
;286
(1
):F161
–9
.
[PubMed]
1931-857X124.
Marengo
SR
, Chen
DH
, Evan
AP
, Sommer
AJ
, Stowe
NT
, Ferguson
DG
, et al. Continuous infusion of oxalate by minipumps induces calcium oxalate nephrocalcinosis
. Urol Res
. 2006
Jun
;34
(3
):200
–10
.
[PubMed]
0300-5623125.
Evan
AP
, Coe
FL
, Lingeman
JE
, Shao
Y
, Sommer
AJ
, Bledsoe
SB
, et al. Mechanism of formation of human calcium oxalate renal stones on Randall’s plaque
. Anat Rec (Hoboken)
. 2007
Oct
;290
(10
):1315
–23
.
[PubMed]
1932-8486126.
Xu
J
, Song
P
, Nakamura
S
, Miller
M
, Barone
S
, Alper
SL
. Deletion of the chloride transporter slc26a7 causes distal renal tubular acidosis and impairs gastric acid secretion. J. Biol. Chem. 2009
.284 (43): 29470–29479.© 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel
2019
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
You do not currently have access to this content.
