Introduction: To evaluate the association between preoperative serum prolactin (PRL) levels and risk of non-organ confined prostate cancer (PCa) in clinically localized disease. Materials and Methods: From December 2007 to December 2011, 124 patients with clinically localized PCa were retrospectively evaluated. Non-organ confined disease in the surgical specimen was defined according to extra-capsular extension, seminal vesicle invasion, positive surgical margins, and lymph node invasion. The association between clinical factors and serum levels of pituitary-testis hormones with the risk of non-organ confined disease was evaluated. Results: Perioperative factors associated with non-organ confined disease include prostatic-specific antigen (OR 1.144; p = 0.025), proportion of biopsy positive cores (BPC, OR 36.702; p = 0.007), bioptical Gleason Score > 6 (OR 2.785; p = 0.034), and PRL (OR 0.756, p < 0.0001). The association was strong for BPC (area under the curve [AUC] 0.704; p < 0.0001) and PRL (AUC 0.299; p < 0.0001). When we dichotomized according to median value, PRL ≤7.7 µg/L was an independent predictor of extraprostatic disease (OR 6.571; p < 0.0001) with fair discrimination power (AUC 0.704; p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Low preoperative PRL levels predict the risk of non-organ confined PCa in clinically localized disease.

Keywords:
Prostate cancer, Prolactin, Radical prostatectomy, Pituitary hormones, Hypothalamus-pituitary-testis-prostate axis, Preoperative serum prolactin levels, Preoperative serum testosterone levels, Prostate cancer induction, Prostate cancer progression, New prostate cancer therapy targets
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